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References

  1. PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens) Vaginal Cream Prescribing Information, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  2. Data on file, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  3. Stefanick ML, Anderson GL, Margolis KL, et al, for the WHI Investigators. Effects of conjugated equine estrogens on breast cancer and mammography screening in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA. 2006;295:1647-1657.
  4. Curb JD, Prentice RL, Bray PF, et al. Venous thrombosis and conjugated equine estrogen in women without a uterus. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:772-780.
  5. The Women’s Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women’s Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291:1701-1712.
  6. Utian WH, Shoupe D, Bachmann G, et al. Relief of vasomotor symptoms and vaginal atrophy with lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:1065-1079.
  7. Lindsay R, Gallagher JC, Kleerekoper M, et al. Effect of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens with and without medroxyprogesterone acetate on bone in early postmenopausal women. JAMA. 2002;287:2668-2676.
  8. Archer DF, Pickar JH, Bottiglioni F, for the Menopause Study Group. Bleeding patterns in postmenopausal women taking continuous combined or sequential regimens of conjugated estrogens with medroxyprogesterone acetate. Obstet Gynecol. 1994;83:686-692.
  9. Greendale GA, Reboussin BA, Hogan P, et al. Symptom relief and side effects of postmenopausal hormones: results from the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions trial. Obstet Gynecol. 1998;92:982-988.
  10. Archer DF, Dorin M, Lewis V, et al. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on endometrial bleeding. Fertil Steril. 2001;75:1080-1087.
  11. Pickar JH, Yeh I, Wheeler JE, et al. Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate. Fertil Steril. 2001;76:25-31.
  12. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone therapy on bone mineral density: results from the postmenopausal estrogen/progestin interventions (PEPI) trial. JAMA. 1996;276:1389-1396.
  13. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial. Effects of hormone replacement therapy on endometrial histology in postmenopausal women. The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial. JAMA. 1996;275:370-375.
  14. Shumaker SA, Legault C, Kuller L, et al, for the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. Conjugated equine estrogens and incidence of probable dementia and mild cognitive impairment in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. JAMA. 2004;291:2947-2958.
  15. Woodruff JD, Pickar JH, for the Menopause Study Group. Incidence of endometrial hyperplasia in postmenopausal women taking conjugated estrogens (Premarin) with medroxyprogesterone acetate or conjugated estrogens alone. The Menopause Study Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1994;170:1213-1223.
  16. Hsia J, Langer RD, Manson JE, et al, for the Women’s Health Initiative Investigators. Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease: the Women’s Health Initiative. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:357-365.
  17. Hendrix SL, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Johnson KC, et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women’s Health Initiative. Circulation. 2006;113:2425-2434.
  18. PREMPRO®/ PREMPHASE® (conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate tablets) Prescribing Information, Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  19. Cumming GP, Herald J, Moncur R, et al. Women’s attitudes to hormone replacement therapy, alternative therapy and sexual health: a web-based survey. Menopause Int. 2007;13:79-83.
  20. Manonai J, Theppisai U, Suthutvoravut S, et al. The effect of estradiol vaginal tablet and conjugated estrogen cream on urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: a comparative study. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2001;27:255-260.
  21. Semmens JP, Tsai CC, Semmens EC, et al. Effects of estrogen therapy on vaginal physiology during menopause. Obstet Gynecol. 1985;66:15-18.
  22. PREMARIN® (conjugated estrogens tablets, USP) Prescribing Information, Wyeth
    Pharmaceuticals Inc.
  23. Rossouw JE, Prentice RL, Manson JE, et al. Postmenopausal hormone therapy and risk of cardiovascular disease by age and years since menopause. JAMA. 2007;297:1465-1477.
  24. Activella® (estradiol/norethindrone acetate) tablets Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk, Inc., Princeton, NJ.
  25. femhrt® (norethindrone acetate/ethinyl estradiol tablets) Prescribing Information, Warner Chilcott Inc., Rockaway, NJ.
  26. PREFEST™ (estradiol/norgestimate) tablets Prescribing Information, Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Bristol, TN.
  27. Climara Pro® (Estradiol/Levonorgestrel Transdermal System) Prescribing Information, Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc., Wayne, NJ.
  28. CombiPatch® Prescribing Information. Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corp., East Hanover, NJ.
  29. Utian WH, Gass MLS, Pickar JH. Body mass index does not influence response to treatment, nor does body weight change with lower doses of conjugated estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate in early postmenopausal women. Menopause. 2004;11:306-314.